lawlite19/MachineLearning_Python

# 计算代价函数
def computerCost(X,y,theta):
    m = len(y)
    J = 0
    
    J = (np.transpose(X*theta-y))*(X*theta-y)/(2*m) #计算代价J
    return J

# 梯度下降算法
def gradientDescent(X,y,theta,alpha,num_iters):
    m = len(y)      
    n = len(theta)
    
    temp = np.matrix(np.zeros((n,num_iters)))   # 暂存每次迭代计算的theta，转化为矩阵形式
    
    
    J_history = np.zeros((num_iters,1)) #记录每次迭代计算的代价值
    
    for i in range(num_iters):  # 遍历迭代次数    
        h = np.dot(X,theta)     # 计算内积，matrix可以直接乘
        temp[:,i] = theta - ((alpha/m)*(np.dot(np.transpose(X),h-y)))   #梯度的计算
        theta = temp[:,i]
        J_history[i] = computerCost(X,y,theta)      #调用计算代价函数
        print '.',      
    return theta,J_history  

# 归一化feature
def featureNormaliza(X):
    X_norm = np.array(X)            #将X转化为numpy数组对象，才可以进行矩阵的运算
    #定义所需变量
    mu = np.zeros((1,X.shape[1]))   
    sigma = np.zeros((1,X.shape[1]))
    
    mu = np.mean(X_norm,0)          # 求每一列的平均值（0指定为列，1代表行）
    sigma = np.std(X_norm,0)        # 求每一列的标准差
    for i in range(X.shape[1]):     # 遍历列
        X_norm[:,i] = (X_norm[:,i]-mu[i])/sigma[i]  # 归一化
    
    return X_norm,mu,sigma

from sklearn import linear_model
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler    #引入缩放的包

    # 归一化操作
    scaler = StandardScaler()   
    scaler.fit(X)
    x_train = scaler.transform(X)
    x_test = scaler.transform(np.array([1650,3]))

    # 线性模型拟合
    model = linear_model.LinearRegression()
    model.fit(x_train, y)

    #预测结果
    result = model.predict(x_test)

# 代价函数
def costFunction(initial_theta,X,y,inital_lambda):
    m = len(y)
    J = 0
    
    h = sigmoid(np.dot(X,initial_theta))    # 计算h(z)
    theta1 = initial_theta.copy()           # 因为正则化j=1从1开始，不包含0，所以复制一份，前theta(0)值为0 
    theta1[0] = 0   
    
    temp = np.dot(np.transpose(theta1),theta1)
    J = (-np.dot(np.transpose(y),np.log(h))-np.dot(np.transpose(1-y),np.log(1-h))+temp*inital_lambda/2)/m   # 正则化的代价方程
    return J

# 计算梯度
def gradient(initial_theta,X,y,inital_lambda):
    m = len(y)
    grad = np.zeros((initial_theta.shape[0]))
    
    h = sigmoid(np.dot(X,initial_theta))# 计算h(z)
    theta1 = initial_theta.copy()
    theta1[0] = 0

    grad = np.dot(np.transpose(X),h-y)/m+inital_lambda/m*theta1 #正则化的梯度
    return grad  

# S型函数    
def sigmoid(z):
    h = np.zeros((len(z),1))    # 初始化，与z的长度一置
    
    h = 1.0/(1.0+np.exp(-z))
    return h

# 映射为多项式 
def mapFeature(X1,X2):
    degree = 3;                     # 映射的最高次方
    out = np.ones((X1.shape[0],1))  # 映射后的结果数组（取代X）
    '''
    这里以degree=2为例，映射为1,x1,x2,x1^2,x1,x2,x2^2
    '''
    for i in np.arange(1,degree+1): 
        for j in range(i+1):
            temp = X1**(i-j)*(X2**j)    #矩阵直接乘相当于matlab中的点乘.*
            out = np.hstack((out, temp.reshape(-1,1)))
    return out

    result = optimize.fmin_bfgs(costFunction, initial_theta, fprime=gradient, args=(X,y,initial_lambda))    

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.cross_validation import train_test_split
import numpy as np

    # 划分为训练集和测试集
    x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test = train_test_split(X,y,test_size=0.2)

    # 归一化
    scaler = StandardScaler()
    x_train = scaler.fit_transform(x_train)
    x_test = scaler.fit_transform(x_test)

    #逻辑回归
    model = LogisticRegression()
    model.fit(x_train,y_train)

    # 预测
    predict = model.predict(x_test)
    right = sum(predict == y_test)
    
    predict = np.hstack((predict.reshape(-1,1),y_test.reshape(-1,1)))   # 将预测值和真实值放在一块，好观察
    print predict
    print ('测试集准确率：%f%%'%(right*100.0/predict.shape[0]))          #计算在测试集上的准确度

# 显示100个数字
def display_data(imgData):
    sum = 0
    '''
    显示100个数（若是一个一个绘制将会非常慢，可以将要画的数字整理好，放到一个矩阵中，显示这个矩阵即可）
    - 初始化一个二维数组
    - 将每行的数据调整成图像的矩阵，放进二维数组
    - 显示即可
    '''
    pad = 1
    display_array = -np.ones((pad+10*(20+pad),pad+10*(20+pad)))
    for i in range(10):
        for j in range(10):
            display_array[pad+i*(20+pad):pad+i*(20+pad)+20,pad+j*(20+pad):pad+j*(20+pad)+20] = (imgData[sum,:].reshape(20,20,order="F"))    # order=F指定以列优先，在matlab中是这样的，python中需要指定，默认以行
            sum += 1
            
    plt.imshow(display_array,cmap='gray')   #显示灰度图像
    plt.axis('off')
    plt.show()

# 求每个分类的theta，最后返回所有的all_theta    
def oneVsAll(X,y,num_labels,Lambda):
    # 初始化变量
    m,n = X.shape
    all_theta = np.zeros((n+1,num_labels))  # 每一列对应相应分类的theta,共10列
    X = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),X))       # X前补上一列1的偏置bias
    class_y = np.zeros((m,num_labels))      # 数据的y对应0-9，需要映射为0/1的关系
    initial_theta = np.zeros((n+1,1))       # 初始化一个分类的theta
    
    # 映射y
    for i in range(num_labels):
        class_y[:,i] = np.int32(y==i).reshape(1,-1) # 注意reshape(1,-1)才可以赋值
    
    #np.savetxt("class_y.csv", class_y[0:600,:], delimiter=',')    
    
    '''遍历每个分类，计算对应的theta值'''
    for i in range(num_labels):
        result = optimize.fmin_bfgs(costFunction, initial_theta, fprime=gradient, args=(X,class_y[:,i],Lambda)) # 调用梯度下降的优化方法
        all_theta[:,i] = result.reshape(1,-1)   # 放入all_theta中
        
    all_theta = np.transpose(all_theta) 
    return all_theta

# 预测
def predict_oneVsAll(all_theta,X):
    m = X.shape[0]
    num_labels = all_theta.shape[0]
    p = np.zeros((m,1))
    X = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),X))   #在X最前面加一列1
    
    h = sigmoid(np.dot(X,np.transpose(all_theta)))  #预测

    '''
    返回h中每一行最大值所在的列号
    - np.max(h, axis=1)返回h中每一行的最大值（是某个数字的最大概率）
    - 最后where找到的最大概率所在的列号（列号即是对应的数字）
    '''
    p = np.array(np.where(h[0,:] == np.max(h, axis=1)[0]))  
    for i in np.arange(1, m):
        t = np.array(np.where(h[i,:] == np.max(h, axis=1)[i]))
        p = np.vstack((p,t))
    return p

from scipy import io as spio
import numpy as np
from sklearn import svm
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

    data = loadmat_data("data_digits.mat") 
    X = data['X']   # 获取X数据，每一行对应一个数字20x20px
    y = data['y']   # 这里读取mat文件y的shape=(5000, 1)
    y = np.ravel(y) # 调用sklearn需要转化成一维的(5000,)

    model = LogisticRegression()
    model.fit(X, y) # 拟合

    predict = model.predict(X) #预测
    
    print u"预测准确度为：%f%%"%np.mean(np.float64(predict == y)*100)

# 代价函数
def nnCostFunction(nn_params,input_layer_size,hidden_layer_size,num_labels,X,y,Lambda):
    length = nn_params.shape[0] # theta的中长度
    # 还原theta1和theta2
    Theta1 = nn_params[0:hidden_layer_size*(input_layer_size+1)].reshape(hidden_layer_size,input_layer_size+1)
    Theta2 = nn_params[hidden_layer_size*(input_layer_size+1):length].reshape(num_labels,hidden_layer_size+1)
    
    # np.savetxt("Theta1.csv",Theta1,delimiter=',')
    
    m = X.shape[0]
    class_y = np.zeros((m,num_labels))      # 数据的y对应0-9，需要映射为0/1的关系
    # 映射y
    for i in range(num_labels):
        class_y[:,i] = np.int32(y==i).reshape(1,-1) # 注意reshape(1,-1)才可以赋值
     
    '''去掉theta1和theta2的第一列，因为正则化时从1开始'''    
    Theta1_colCount = Theta1.shape[1]    
    Theta1_x = Theta1[:,1:Theta1_colCount]
    Theta2_colCount = Theta2.shape[1]    
    Theta2_x = Theta2[:,1:Theta2_colCount]
    # 正则化向theta^2
    term = np.dot(np.transpose(np.vstack((Theta1_x.reshape(-1,1),Theta2_x.reshape(-1,1)))),np.vstack((Theta1_x.reshape(-1,1),Theta2_x.reshape(-1,1))))
    
    '''正向传播,每次需要补上一列1的偏置bias'''
    a1 = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),X))      
    z2 = np.dot(a1,np.transpose(Theta1))    
    a2 = sigmoid(z2)
    a2 = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),a2))
    z3 = np.dot(a2,np.transpose(Theta2))
    h  = sigmoid(z3)    
    '''代价'''    
    J = -(np.dot(np.transpose(class_y.reshape(-1,1)),np.log(h.reshape(-1,1)))+np.dot(np.transpose(1-class_y.reshape(-1,1)),np.log(1-h.reshape(-1,1)))-Lambda*term/2)/m   
    
    return np.ravel(J)

# 梯度
def nnGradient(nn_params,input_layer_size,hidden_layer_size,num_labels,X,y,Lambda):
    length = nn_params.shape[0]
    Theta1 = nn_params[0:hidden_layer_size*(input_layer_size+1)].reshape(hidden_layer_size,input_layer_size+1).copy()   # 这里使用copy函数，否则下面修改Theta的值，nn_params也会一起修改
    Theta2 = nn_params[hidden_layer_size*(input_layer_size+1):length].reshape(num_labels,hidden_layer_size+1).copy()
    m = X.shape[0]
    class_y = np.zeros((m,num_labels))      # 数据的y对应0-9，需要映射为0/1的关系    
    # 映射y
    for i in range(num_labels):
        class_y[:,i] = np.int32(y==i).reshape(1,-1) # 注意reshape(1,-1)才可以赋值
     
    '''去掉theta1和theta2的第一列，因为正则化时从1开始'''
    Theta1_colCount = Theta1.shape[1]    
    Theta1_x = Theta1[:,1:Theta1_colCount]
    Theta2_colCount = Theta2.shape[1]    
    Theta2_x = Theta2[:,1:Theta2_colCount]
    
    Theta1_grad = np.zeros((Theta1.shape))  #第一层到第二层的权重
    Theta2_grad = np.zeros((Theta2.shape))  #第二层到第三层的权重
      
   
    '''正向传播，每次需要补上一列1的偏置bias'''
    a1 = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),X))
    z2 = np.dot(a1,np.transpose(Theta1))
    a2 = sigmoid(z2)
    a2 = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),a2))
    z3 = np.dot(a2,np.transpose(Theta2))
    h  = sigmoid(z3)
    
    
    '''反向传播，delta为误差，'''
    delta3 = np.zeros((m,num_labels))
    delta2 = np.zeros((m,hidden_layer_size))
    for i in range(m):
        #delta3[i,:] = (h[i,:]-class_y[i,:])*sigmoidGradient(z3[i,:])  # 均方误差的误差率
        delta3[i,:] = h[i,:]-class_y[i,:]                              # 交叉熵误差率
        Theta2_grad = Theta2_grad+np.dot(np.transpose(delta3[i,:].reshape(1,-1)),a2[i,:].reshape(1,-1))
        delta2[i,:] = np.dot(delta3[i,:].reshape(1,-1),Theta2_x)*sigmoidGradient(z2[i,:])
        Theta1_grad = Theta1_grad+np.dot(np.transpose(delta2[i,:].reshape(1,-1)),a1[i,:].reshape(1,-1))
    
    Theta1[:,0] = 0
    Theta2[:,0] = 0          
    '''梯度'''
    grad = (np.vstack((Theta1_grad.reshape(-1,1),Theta2_grad.reshape(-1,1)))+Lambda*np.vstack((Theta1.reshape(-1,1),Theta2.reshape(-1,1))))/m
    return np.ravel(grad)

# 检验梯度是否计算正确
# 检验梯度是否计算正确
def checkGradient(Lambda = 0):
    '''构造一个小型的神经网络验证，因为数值法计算梯度很浪费时间，而且验证正确后之后就不再需要验证了'''
    input_layer_size = 3
    hidden_layer_size = 5
    num_labels = 3
    m = 5
    initial_Theta1 = debugInitializeWeights(input_layer_size,hidden_layer_size); 
    initial_Theta2 = debugInitializeWeights(hidden_layer_size,num_labels)
    X = debugInitializeWeights(input_layer_size-1,m)
    y = 1+np.transpose(np.mod(np.arange(1,m+1), num_labels))# 初始化y
    
    y = y.reshape(-1,1)
    nn_params = np.vstack((initial_Theta1.reshape(-1,1),initial_Theta2.reshape(-1,1)))  #展开theta 
    '''BP求出梯度'''
    grad = nnGradient(nn_params, input_layer_size, hidden_layer_size, 
                     num_labels, X, y, Lambda)  
    '''使用数值法计算梯度'''
    num_grad = np.zeros((nn_params.shape[0]))
    step = np.zeros((nn_params.shape[0]))
    e = 1e-4
    for i in range(nn_params.shape[0]):
        step[i] = e
        loss1 = nnCostFunction(nn_params-step.reshape(-1,1), input_layer_size, hidden_layer_size, 
                              num_labels, X, y, 
                              Lambda)
        loss2 = nnCostFunction(nn_params+step.reshape(-1,1), input_layer_size, hidden_layer_size, 
                              num_labels, X, y, 
                              Lambda)
        num_grad[i] = (loss2-loss1)/(2*e)
        step[i]=0
    # 显示两列比较
    res = np.hstack((num_grad.reshape(-1,1),grad.reshape(-1,1)))
    print res

# 随机初始化权重theta
def randInitializeWeights(L_in,L_out):
    W = np.zeros((L_out,1+L_in))    # 对应theta的权重
    epsilon_init = (6.0/(L_out+L_in))**0.5
    W = np.random.rand(L_out,1+L_in)*2*epsilon_init-epsilon_init # np.random.rand(L_out,1+L_in)产生L_out*(1+L_in)大小的随机矩阵
    return W

# 预测
def predict(Theta1,Theta2,X):
    m = X.shape[0]
    num_labels = Theta2.shape[0]
    #p = np.zeros((m,1))
    '''正向传播，预测结果'''
    X = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),X))
    h1 = sigmoid(np.dot(X,np.transpose(Theta1)))
    h1 = np.hstack((np.ones((m,1)),h1))
    h2 = sigmoid(np.dot(h1,np.transpose(Theta2)))
    
    '''
    返回h中每一行最大值所在的列号
    - np.max(h, axis=1)返回h中每一行的最大值（是某个数字的最大概率）
    - 最后where找到的最大概率所在的列号（列号即是对应的数字）
    '''
    #np.savetxt("h2.csv",h2,delimiter=',')
    p = np.array(np.where(h2[0,:] == np.max(h2, axis=1)[0]))  
    for i in np.arange(1, m):
        t = np.array(np.where(h2[i,:] == np.max(h2, axis=1)[i]))
        p = np.vstack((p,t))
    return p 

    '''data1——线性分类'''
    data1 = spio.loadmat('data1.mat')
    X = data1['X']
    y = data1['y']
    y = np.ravel(y)
    plot_data(X,y)
    
    model = svm.SVC(C=1.0,kernel='linear').fit(X,y) # 指定核函数为线性核函数

    '''data2——非线性分类'''
    data2 = spio.loadmat('data2.mat')
    X = data2['X']
    y = data2['y']
    y = np.ravel(y)
    plt = plot_data(X,y)
    plt.show()
    
    model = svm.SVC(gamma=100).fit(X,y)     # gamma为核函数的系数，值越大拟合的越好

# 找到每条数据距离哪个类中心最近    
def findClosestCentroids(X,initial_centroids):
    m = X.shape[0]                  # 数据条数
    K = initial_centroids.shape[0]  # 类的总数
    dis = np.zeros((m,K))           # 存储计算每个点分别到K个类的距离
    idx = np.zeros((m,1))           # 要返回的每条数据属于哪个类
    
    '''计算每个点到每个类中心的距离'''
    for i in range(m):
        for j in range(K):
            dis[i,j] = np.dot((X[i,:]-initial_centroids[j,:]).reshape(1,-1),(X[i,:]-initial_centroids[j,:]).reshape(-1,1))
    
    '''返回dis每一行的最小值对应的列号，即为对应的类别
    - np.min(dis, axis=1)返回每一行的最小值
    - np.where(dis == np.min(dis, axis=1).reshape(-1,1)) 返回对应最小值的坐标
     - 注意：可能最小值对应的坐标有多个，where都会找出来，所以返回时返回前m个需要的即可（因为对于多个最小值，属于哪个类别都可以）
    '''  
    dummy,idx = np.where(dis == np.min(dis, axis=1).reshape(-1,1))
    return idx[0:dis.shape[0]]  # 注意截取一下

# 计算类中心
def computerCentroids(X,idx,K):
    n = X.shape[1]
    centroids = np.zeros((K,n))
    for i in range(K):
        centroids[i,:] = np.mean(X[np.ravel(idx==i),:], axis=0).reshape(1,-1)   # 索引要是一维的,axis=0为每一列，idx==i一次找出属于哪一类的，然后计算均值
    return centroids

# 初始化类中心--随机取K个点作为聚类中心
def kMeansInitCentroids(X,K):
    m = X.shape[0]
    m_arr = np.arange(0,m)      # 生成0-m-1
    centroids = np.zeros((K,X.shape[1]))
    np.random.shuffle(m_arr)    # 打乱m_arr顺序    
    rand_indices = m_arr[:K]    # 取前K个
    centroids = X[rand_indices,:]
    return centroids

# 聚类算法
def runKMeans(X,initial_centroids,max_iters,plot_process):
    m,n = X.shape                   # 数据条数和维度
    K = initial_centroids.shape[0]  # 类数
    centroids = initial_centroids   # 记录当前类中心
    previous_centroids = centroids  # 记录上一次类中心
    idx = np.zeros((m,1))           # 每条数据属于哪个类
    
    for i in range(max_iters):      # 迭代次数
        print u'迭代计算次数：%d'%(i+1)
        idx = findClosestCentroids(X, centroids)
        if plot_process:    # 如果绘制图像
            plt = plotProcessKMeans(X,centroids,previous_centroids) # 画聚类中心的移动过程
            previous_centroids = centroids  # 重置
        centroids = computerCentroids(X, idx, K)    # 重新计算类中心
    if plot_process:    # 显示最终的绘制结果
        plt.show()
    return centroids,idx    # 返回聚类中心和数据属于哪个类

    from sklearn.cluster import KMeans

    model = KMeans(n_clusters=3).fit(X) # n_clusters指定3类，拟合数据

    centroids = model.cluster_centers_  # 聚类中心

    # 归一化数据
   def featureNormalize(X):
       '''（每一个数据-当前列的均值）/当前列的标准差'''
       n = X.shape[1]
       mu = np.zeros((1,n));
       sigma = np.zeros((1,n))
       
       mu = np.mean(X,axis=0)
       sigma = np.std(X,axis=0)
       for i in range(n):
           X[:,i] = (X[:,i]-mu[i])/sigma[i]
       return X,mu,sigma

Sigma = np.dot(np.transpose(X_norm),X_norm)/m  # 求Sigma

    # 映射数据
   def projectData(X_norm,U,K):
       Z = np.zeros((X_norm.shape[0],K))
       
       U_reduce = U[:,0:K]          # 取前K个
       Z = np.dot(X_norm,U_reduce) 
       return Z

    # 恢复数据 
    def recoverData(Z,U,K):
        X_rec = np.zeros((Z.shape[0],U.shape[0]))
        U_recude = U[:,0:K]
        X_rec = np.dot(Z,np.transpose(U_recude))  # 还原数据（近似）
        return X_rec

#-*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Author:bob
# Date:2016.12.22
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from scipy import io as spio
from sklearn.decomposition import pca
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

    '''归一化数据并作图'''
    scaler = StandardScaler()
    scaler.fit(X)
    x_train = scaler.transform(X)

    '''拟合数据'''
    K=1 # 要降的维度
    model = pca.PCA(n_components=K).fit(x_train)   # 拟合数据，n_components定义要降的维度
    Z = model.transform(x_train)    # transform就会执行降维操作

    '''数据恢复并作图'''
    Ureduce = model.components_     # 得到降维用的Ureduce
    x_rec = np.dot(Z,Ureduce)       # 数据恢复

# 参数估计函数（就是求均值和方差）
def estimateGaussian(X):
    m,n = X.shape
    mu = np.zeros((n,1))
    sigma2 = np.zeros((n,1))
    
    mu = np.mean(X, axis=0) # axis=0表示列，每列的均值
    sigma2 = np.var(X,axis=0) # 求每列的方差
    return mu,sigma2

# 选择最优的epsilon，即：使F1Score最大    
def selectThreshold(yval,pval):
    '''初始化所需变量'''
    bestEpsilon = 0.
    bestF1 = 0.
    F1 = 0.
    step = (np.max(pval)-np.min(pval))/1000
    '''计算'''
    for epsilon in np.arange(np.min(pval),np.max(pval),step):
        cvPrecision = pval<epsilon
        tp = np.sum((cvPrecision == 1) & (yval == 1).ravel()).astype(float)  # sum求和是int型的，需要转为float
        fp = np.sum((cvPrecision == 1) & (yval == 0).ravel()).astype(float)
        fn = np.sum((cvPrecision == 0) & (yval == 1).ravel()).astype(float)
        precision = tp/(tp+fp)  # 精准度
        recision = tp/(tp+fn)   # 召回率
        F1 = (2*precision*recision)/(precision+recision)  # F1Score计算公式
        if F1 > bestF1:  # 修改最优的F1 Score
            bestF1 = F1
            bestEpsilon = epsilon
    return bestEpsilon,bestF1

# 多元高斯分布函数    
def multivariateGaussian(X,mu,Sigma2):
    k = len(mu)
    if (Sigma2.shape[0]>1):
        Sigma2 = np.diag(Sigma2)
    '''多元高斯分布函数'''    
    X = X-mu
    argu = (2*np.pi)**(-k/2)*np.linalg.det(Sigma2)**(-0.5)
    p = argu*np.exp(-0.5*np.sum(np.dot(X,np.linalg.inv(Sigma2))*X,axis=1))  # axis表示每行
    return p