mono/xwt

This document is an introduction to XWT, a cross-platform UI toolkit for creating desktop applications.

If you have any question about XWT or do you want to contribute a discussion group for XWT is available here:

http://groups.google.com/group/xwt-list

Introduction

Xwt is a new .NET framework for creating desktop applications that run on multiple platforms from the same codebase. Xwt works by exposing one unified API across all environments that is mapped to a set of native controls on each platform.

This means that Xwt tends to focus on providing controls that will work across all platforms. However, that doesn't mean that the functionality available is a common denominator of all platforms. If a specific feature or widget is not available in the native framework of a platform, it will be emulated or implemented as a set of native widgets.

Xwt can be used as a standalone framework to power the entire application or it can be embedded into an existing host. This allows developers to develop their "shell" using native components (for example a Ribbon on Windows, toolbars on Linux) and use Xwt for specific bits of the application, like dialog boxes or cross platform surfaces.

Xwt works by creating an engine at runtime that will map to the underlying platform. These are the engines that are supported on each platform:

• Windows: WPF engine, Gtk engine (using Gtk#)
• MacOS X: Cocoa engine (using Xamarin.Mac) and Gtk engine (using Gtk#)
• Linux: Gtk engine (using Gtk#)

This means for example that you can write code for Xwt on Windows that can be hosted on an existing WPF application (like Visual Studio) or an existing Gtk# application (like MonoDevelop). Or on Mac, you can host Xwt on an existing Cocoa/Xamarin.Mac application or you can host it in our own MonoDevelop IDE.

Getting Started

Open the Xwt.sln with MonoDevelop (or VisualStudio on Windows) and build the solution. You should end up with the libraries that you can use in your project and a couple of sample applications.

Using Xwt in your app

Based on your platform and the backend that you want to use, you need to pick the libraries that you want to use in your project.

• Windows+WPF: Xwt.dll + Xwt.WPF.dll (requires WPF)
• Windows+Gtk: Xwt.dll + Xwt.Gtk.dll (requires Gtk#)
• Linux+Gtk: Xwt.dll + Xwt.Gtk.dll (requires Gtk#)
• Mac+Gtk: Xwt.dll + Xwt.Gtk.dll (requires Gtk#)
• Mac+Cocoa: Xwt.dll + Xwt.XamMac.dll (requires Xamarin.Mac.dll)

Hello World

To write your first application, create an empty .NET project in your favorite language in MonoDevelop or Visual Studio and reference the Xwt.dll library. This is the only library that you need to reference at compile time.

This is the simplest Xwt program you can write:

using System;
using Xwt;

class XwtDemo
{
    [STAThread]
    static void Main()
    {
        Application.Initialize(ToolkitType.Gtk);
        var mainWindow = new Window()
        {
            Title = "Xwt Demo Application",
            Width = 500,
            Height = 400
        };
        mainWindow.Show();
        Application.Run();
        mainWindow.Dispose();
    }
}

You use the Application.Initialize() method to get the backend initialized. In this example we are using the Gtk backend. If you want to use another backend, just change the parameter provided to the Initialize() method. Also make sure the appropiate backend DLL is available in the application directory.

Then we create an instance of the Window class, this class exposes two interesting properties, MainMenu which can be used to set the Window's main menu and "Content" which is of type "Widget" and allows you to add some content to the window.

Finally, the Application.Run method is called to get the UI events processing going.

Widget Class Hierarchy

You will be using widgets to create the contents for your application. Xwt.Widget is the abstract base class from which all the other components are created.

Some Widgets can contain other widgets, these are container widgets, and in Xwt those are Canvas, Paned, HBox, VBox and Table. The first two implement a box layout system, while the last one implements a Table layout that allows widgets to be attached to different anchor-points in a grid.

The layout system uses an auto-sizing system similar to what is availble in Gtk and HTML allowing the user interface to grow or shrink based on the contents of the childrens on it.

• XwtComponent
  • Menu
  • MenuItem
  • Widget
    • Box (Container)
      • HBox (Container)
      • VBox (Container)
    • Button
      • MenuButton
      • ToggleButton
    • Calendar
    • Canvas (Container)
    • Checkbox
    • ComboBox
    • Frame
    • ImageView
    • Label
    • ListView
    • NoteBook
    • Paned (Container)
      • HPaned (Container)
      • VPaned (Container)
    • ProgressBar
    • ScrollView
    • Separator
      • VSeparator
      • HSeparator
    • Table (Container)
    • TextEntry
    • TreeView
  • WindowFrame
    • Window
      • Dialog

For example, the following attaches various labels and data entries to a Table:

var table = new Table();
table.Attach(new Label ("One:"), 0, 1, 0, 1);
table.Attach(new TextEntry (), 1, 2, 0, 1);
table.Attach(new Label ("Two:"), 0, 1, 1, 2);
table.Attach(new TextEntry (), 1, 2, 1, 2);
table.Attach(new Label ("Three:"), 0, 1, 2, 3);
table.Attach(new TextEntry (), 1, 2, 2, 3);

The Application Class

The Application class is a static class that provides services to run your application.

Initialization

The Application.Initialize API will instruct Xwt to initialize its binding to the native toolkit. You can pass an optional parameter to this method that specifies the full type name to load as the backend.

For example, you can force the initialization of the backend to be specifically Gtk+ or specifically Xamarin.Mac based on MacOS. This is currently done like this:

Application.Initialize("Xwt.GtkBackend.GtkEngine, Xwt.Gtk, Version=1.0.0.0");

or:

Application.Initialize("Xwt.Mac.MacEngine, Xwt.XamMac, Version=1.0.0.0");

As you saw from the Hello World sample, toplevel windows are created by creating an instance of the "Xwt.Window" class. This class exposes a couple of properties that you can use to spice it up. The MainMenu property is used to control the contents of the application menus while the "Content" property is used to hold a Widget.

Timers

The Application.TimeoutInvoke method takes a timespan and a Func action method and invokes that method in the main user interface loop.

If the provided function returns true, then the timer is restarted, otherwise the timer ends.

Background Threads

It is very common to perform tasks in the background and for those tasks in the background to later update the user interface. The Xwt API is not thread safe, which means that calls to the Xwt API must only be done from the main user interface thread.

This is a trait from the underlying toolkits used by Xwt.

If you want a background thread to run some code on the main loop, you use the Application.Invoke (Action action) method. The provided "action" method is guaranteed to run on the main loop.